In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive POWER dispatch method in a wind-integrated POWER system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive POWER generation and active POWER loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive POWER resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

In this paper, POWER OPTION pricing is driven applying by daily information of Tehran stock exchange. The sample period of the study is from 1387 to 1397, when Tehran stock exchange index is approximately closed to Heston model. In this work, the considered pricing is done in two sections with different period of times. At first, The fast Fourier transform is applied for solving our main model. In the sequel the results of the considered pricing are shown that POWER OPTION pricing can not follow the Heston model that means it causes the arbitrage situations in our considered market, Tehran stock exchange.

In recent years, the energy consumption particularly in electricity sector significantly has been increased around the world. This led to the use of alternative sources of energy such as wind, solar, hydroelectric and also nuclear energy due to the global concerns about environmental protection and reduction of CO2 emissions. Numerous factors are important in selection of appropriate OPTION among various sources of electricity generation which can be related to the geographical and climatological conditions, access to the fossil fuels, environmental, social and economic factors. Regard to the global environmental statements and the significant effects of energy sector on it, public trends are towards the use of high efficient and less pollutant technologies for generation of electricity. Among the future resources for energy generation, the nuclear energy is well-known as a zero emission method for electricity production around the world. Moreover, high amount of electricity generation with minimal fuel consumption, secure access to the sources of energy, having the lower production, operation and capital costs and appropriate decommissioning phase are other advantages of using nuclear energy for electricity production. In this paper, a comprehensive study has been carried out on different aspects and effects of nuclear energy as a source of energy for electricity generation. Then the results were compared with fossil fuel electricity with consideration of environmental and economic concerns. Consequently, results showed that the nuclear energy can be a competitive and alternative source of energy rather than fossil fuels when the external costs including CO2 emissions are calculated in economic analysis. However, there are still a lot of concerns about nuclear waste management, probable accidents and safety issues.

In this paper, we first present the pricing equation for American and European type of standard and POWER exchange OPTIONs. Then we tested 501 price of gold and dollar from first day of Persian month Farvardin of year 1391 to the first day of Persian month Tir of year 1394, by using time series and ARCH, GARCH, MAR-ARCH, ARMA-GARCH, GJR-GARCH models in order to determines POWER of assets exchange to calculate value of POWER exchange OPTION dollar on base of gold in near future.Finally, by comparing the mean square error of observation and conditional variance by considering AIC and BIC measures, we choose an appropriate model of above models. Also Christoffersen and Kupiec, as an appropriate model tests are used for forecasting and analysis the behavior of gold and dollar POWER OPTION pricing.

Management of solid waste (flyash) has attained an apparent scenario for scientific & strategic concern in India due to large-scale dependence on coal-based thermal POWER plants. Waste utilization as the best OPTION of pollution-prevention and disaster risk strategy has been worked out during previous decades to open doors for flyash utilization on various sectors of developmental and manufacturing sectors. Low application of flyash has reportedly been employed as a soil ameliorant and experiments have demonstrated tree plantation over flyash landfills using organically rich wastes to prepare the suitable substrates. However, the large-scale and voluminous generation of flyash averagely on regular basis calls for bulk utilization OPTIONs in a productive purpose. Present study discusses the features of coal-combustion flyash and a study of two important vegetable crops, viz., Brinjal and Spinach, grown on flyash substrate. The results advocated the flyash application as higher as up to 50% in case of common garden soils, supporting the OPTIONs of bulk utilization of flyash in horticultural cropping. The discussions suggested screening of suitable species on the basis of dose-response studies for evolving a protocol for flyash management under ecofriendly protocols.

Considering the importance of acknowledgement of God’s POWER at Islamic philosophy, this article tries to answer some basic questions in this field from viewpoint of Sadr-ol-Motaallehin:1- Where does POWER stands among attributes of God? Is it of action or essence attributes?2- How is the relation of POWER to other God’s beauty attributes?3- How should one interprets POWER of God that it doesn’t result in similarity or literal commonness in conception of POWER in God and in human being.4- What are peculiarities of omnipotence? And what distinguishes it from human POWER?5- Omnipotence, in other words, prevailing of God’s POWER on all creatures due to his endless mercy:Firstly, How justifies evils perceived in the world?Secondly, How justifies human’s free will and his ethical evils?

In this paper, a new method for extending and relaxing the noise-coupling (NC) technique is proposed to enhance the noise-shaping order without adding the number of integrators. The noise-shaping order of the introduced ∑∆ modulator whit applying a second-order noise-coupling technique is enhanced and its performance with optimizing the noise transfer function (NTF) zeros is improved. Also, by removing the analog adder at feedforward path and transferring it to a new feedback branch before the last integrator and adding second-order NC path can be decreased the input voltage swing to the quantizer. Thus, by improving the modulator resolution, POWER consumption can be reduced. Mathematical analyses and behavioural simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the new NC method. To examine its performance, a 2nd-order single loop ΣΔ modulator was designed. The new noise-coupling method is used to achieve the three-order noise shaping to increase the resolution with low complexity and low-POWER. The results show an outstanding improvement in signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) compared to the conventional structure.

SummaryMining has been always one of the riskiest and most uncertain activities. Although this uncertainty in conventional economic models (traditional method of net present value or NPV) is considered costly due to the risk of forecasting error, the theory of real OPTIONs, by considering the value of managerial flexibilities in dealing with these uncertainties, has a positive value. Contrary to the theory of real OPTIONs, traditional methods of financial evaluations, ignore the value of managerial OPTIONs and the flexibility of the project. One of the management OPTIONs in mines, which has been studied in this research and a scientific strategy has been presented for its use, is the authority to store the final product of the mine for a specific period. In this study, assuming that the final product price of the mine follows the Mean Reversion Process (MRP), the type of storage OPTION of the final product of the mine is determined as well as its parameters such as the OPTION time to maturity, OPTION Strick price and the cost of acquisition, and then the OPTION value is evaluated using the binomial lattice network. Finally, using optimization methods, the best market price for gold storage and the expected limits for storage profitability have been determined. The results of this study show that at present, for a mine with sufficient working capital for 6 months of production and a storage cost of $ 5 per ounce, storing the final gold product at a market price of less than 1371 $2022/Oz has a positive (profitable) expected value. Also, the highest value of storage decision was obtained at the world price of 670 $2022/Oz and with the value of 130$2022 per ounce. The relative efficiency of storage is estimated to be up to 21%. It is worth mentioning that to use this article in different mines, its results must be updated by changing the assumptions and new market conditions.IntroductionIn this paper, using the concept of real OPTIONs theory, the decision-making value regarding the storage of the final product of gold mines is determined. In this research, using the Real OPTIONs theory, the expected value of the decision about the storage of mining gold product, according to the storage time, the volatility of the gold price in the world market, the current price of gold (at the beginning time of storing), Risk-free interest rate and storage costs are calculated. Then, the most appropriate time to store the gold product of a mine, in other words, the most appropriate market price for this purpose is calculated.In this paper, by analyzing the historical gold prices, the values ​​of various parameters influencing the decision to store such as price volatility are calculated and then using the theory of real OPTIONs, the value of stockpiling OPTION is calculated by the binomial OPTION pricing model. The whole hypotheses of this research are as:1- The only uncertain parameter of the analysis is the price of gold in the world market.2- The base currency of this study is the US dollar.3- The US dollar value in each time also the discount rate is calculated using the Producer Price Index (PPI)4- Sale of the mine products to the market is instantaneous and pre-sale contracts is not considered.5- Changes in the price of gold in the market follow the Mean Reversion random Process (MRP).6- In order to store gold, it is only necessary to pay the warehousing fee (Storage Cost).7- At the time of storage, all the operational activities of the mine, including extraction and processing activities, are underway like previously.Real POWERs are derived from conventional financial OPTIONs in the stock market and defined by the same view but for physical assets. In recent years, the application of the Real OPTION Valuation theory (ROV) in mining has expanded greatly. In 1998, for example, Kelly used the binomial tree method, one of the methods of real OPTION valuation, to economically evaluate a gold mine. He exercised his right to expand the mine when the price of gold was higher than a specific limit [2]. In 2001, Slade evaluated the economic value of Canadian mines using real OPTIONs theory, by considering the temporary closure and reopening OPTIONs with the effects of price, cost and reserves uncertainties. They considered two random processes for commodity price, and find that: the value obtained by the Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) was higher than the value of Mean Reversion Process (MRP) [3]. In 2002, Moel et al. Economically evaluated 285 mines in North America using the real-OPTION method, taking into account the temporary closure and reopening OPTIONs [4]. In 2007, Dimitrakopoulos et al. Evaluated mine design with consideration of price, foreign exchange rates and geological uncertainties, using the abandonment OPTION with the Monte Carlo simulation valuation method. As a result, they have found that the value of ROV-based design leads to a project value of 11-18% higher than the value of NPV-based design [5]. Li Shu-xing and Knights Peter (2009) used the ROV theory to maximize profit and minimize the fuel consumption of mining trucks in short-term production planning [6]. Akbari et al. In 2009, considering the expansion OPTION and using the binomial tree pricing method, the ultimate limits of an open pit under the price uncertainty [7]. Thompson in 2014, obtained a mine cut-off grade, by considering the OPTION of temporary closure and reopening of the mine, taking into account the price uncertainty [8].Although various new OPTIONs have been considered in mining projects in recent years [9] - [13], the OPTION of storing the final product for future sale has not been discussed yet. Due to the sharp fluctuations in the prices of some mining products, especially gold in the world market, the possibility of storing the final product is a valuable OPTION for the mine managers. In this paper, the strategy for using the storing OPTION, the best time for storing, the duration of storage and the expected value of this OPTION are discussed.Methodology and ApproachesThe key methodology points and steps are as below:Obtaining the historical price of mine commodity for the last 10 years (Gold prices in this case)inflation adjustment of currency values using the Producer Price Index (PPI)Obtaining the Mean Reversion Process (MRP) parameters of commodity prices adjusted for inflation using one of the proposed methods in [21-23] references.Considering the storing OPTION as an American call OPTION with the maturity time equal to the duration of the working capital cycle, strike price equal to the storage warehousing cost and capture cost equal to the current commodity price.OPTION pricing of storing using the modified MRP binomial tree latticeFinding the proper prices for storing and the best storing price that maximize the decision's expected valueResults and ConclusionsAccording to this analysis with the parameters of Table 1, the decision to storing gold for 6 months at prices below 1371 $2022/Oz is profitable and at 670 $2022/Oz has the highest expected value and the cost effectiveness of this decision obtained at around 590 $2022/Oz with the value of 21% based on Figure 1. Of course, it is necessary to rerun the analysis in other times according to the fluctuations of the world price of gold and real duration of working capital cycle.High fluctuations in the base currency (US $ in this study) will reduce the accuracy of the analysis. Since the value of the US dollar fluctuated sharply during the years 2020-2022 according to the producer price index, considering this period can reduce the analysis accuracy. In this study, similar calculations for the price of gold between 2009 and 2019 were repeated, according to that, 6-month storage at prices below 1257 $2019/Oz was economical, while the highest decision value for storage was obtained at 922 $2019/Oz gold price.